Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Essay Example for Free

Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Essay Distinguish between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The name Theravada means â€Å"the way of the elders.† It is an austere religion that requires solitude, meditation, and self-mastery through which each member hopes to achieve Nirvana. Because of these requirements, the possibility of liberation is limited to a few. Many of its followers are monks and nuns who spend most of their time in meditation and teaching. Theravada Buddhism is sometimes called â€Å"Hinayana Buddhism,† Hinayana meaning â€Å"small vehicles,† but this term is not accepted by followers of the religion (Conze, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Mahayana means â€Å"large vehicle.† It is a less austere system than Theravada Buddhism and emphasizes liberation for everyone. Many Mahayana Buddhists believe in liberation through good faith and good works. Their object is not only to obtain a personal Nirvana, but to help others to that goal (Mizuno, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mahayana branch has developed a system of ideal Buddhas, or enlightened ones. The most important Buddha is the Amitabha, or Amida, Budhha, to whom members can appeal for deliverance. Some Mahana Buddhists also believe in a goddess, a symbol of compassion, who is called Kwan Yin in China and Kwannon in Japan (Mizuno, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mahayana Buddhists have elaborate temples presided over by priests. They have colorful festivals and solemn rituals. Statues of the various Buddhas and Bodhisattras (Buddhas-to-be) play a part in their worship, but the statues themselves are not worshiped. Mahayana Buddhism is divided into many sects, including Zen, Jodo, Shin, Tendai, and Nichiren Shoshu (Soka Gakkai) (Carrithers, 2003). Reference: Carrithers, Michael. The Buddha (Oxford University 2003). Conze, Edward. A Short History of Buddhism (Allen Unwin, 2002). Mizuno, Kogen. Basic Buddhist Concepts (Tuttle, 2001).

Definition And Conditions Of Decision Making Tourism Essay

Definition And Conditions Of Decision Making Tourism Essay As managers and entrepreneurs, we should have confidence in our decisions, but can we? Discuss with regard to your ability as a decision maker and the tools and methods available to assist decision making. Entrepreneur and managers are no longer able to have confidence in their decision. Because even good managers make mistakes in their decision making process. Therefore, there are many of the business organisations trying to find out the best method of decision making process. Nevertheless, many of them experience end in failure or sink in the business world. Because, decision making of organisation, as it operates with in the organisation, implies that increasing unexpected complexity in environment uncertainty. And this uncertainty means that decision makers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors, and they have a difficult time predicting internal or external changes. So, uncertainty increases the risk of failure for organisational responses and makes it difficult to compute costs and probabilities associated with decision alternatives. Therefore, any organisations want to success in their business, it is essential to use suitable decision making tools and me thods. To understand this essay better, defining the term of decision making is necessary. According to Fitzgerald, decision making involves the choice of an alternative from among a series of competing alternatives (2002, p. 8). And theories of decision making are concerned with how such choices are made. This essay will explain nature of decision making, tools and methods of decision making process and steps in decision making to assist decision makers. Finally, availability of those tools and methods by managers and entrepreneurs will be discussed to assist their decision making process. First of all, nature of decision making should be identified before it discusses about its tools and methods. The definition of decision making is explained in introduction. However, decision making conditions are should be concerned before the actual decisions have been made because the decisions are not always made under same amount of available information (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 76). The conditions which give influence to decision making process are: certainty, risk and uncertainty. Situation of certainty means that decision maker knows every alternative outcome from the decision so he/she can make decision precisely. For example, if manager have to make decision on which transport service he/she will use between by air or by train to deliver their product or service, it is obvious that air will take relatively shorter time but higher cost than train, and train will take longer time but lower cost than airplane. Unfortunately, each alternative brings different outcomes and this is not always known in advance. Therefore, decision makers are only able to estimate their relative probabilities of outcomes. According to Williams, perception of risk means the amount of uncertainty or lack of predictability concerning the outcome of a decision (2002, p. 86). This is called a situation of risk. Generally, exact prediction about probabilities of various outcomes is impossible. Thus, managers may make their decision based on past experience and historical data. However, Russo and Schoemarker said people do not learn easily from experience because is requires pro-found skills (1990, p. 174). Although, risk can never be eliminated from decision making process, decision makers can attempt to minimize its impact on their outcome with technique of learning from experience and forecasting from historical data. When there is very little or no reliable information to estimate the variety of possible outcomes fro decision maker, this is called situation of uncertainty. Moreover, this means that the decision maker does not have any knowledge that concerns the possibilities related with different outcomes. In this circumstance, decision maker may take one of several approaches. First approach is the maximax approach. Rue Byars selecting the alternative whose best possible outcomes is the best of all possible outcomes for all alternatives (2007, p. 77). In the second approach, the maximin approach refers comparing the worst possible outcomes for each alternative and selecting the one that is least undesirable (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 77). And the last approach is the risk-averting approach. This approach can be resulted in more effective planning because it is chosen by the alternative with the least fluctuation among its possible outcomes (2007, p. 78). The conditions for decision making occupy important position in decision making process by guiding decision makers which decision making model they should use. Therefore, decision makers should keep in mind those conditions before they make actual decision for organisations. Decision making tools and methods in decision process support decision makers to understand complex phenomena in managerial activities. Those tools and methods are able to maximise managerial options within decision making process specifically and describe its situations clearly. The tools are for fostering making creative decision. And the methods have rational and intuitive methods for effective decision making. By using these tools and methods, the triple bottom line and managers corporate social responsibility should be concerned together. According to Williams, creative problem solving is not easy and applying the tools requires time, resources, and effort (2002, p. 149). However, to improve the quality of organisations important decision making process, creative decision making techniques are essential. These techniques are such as brainstorming, Gordon technique, nominal group technique, and synectics. Brainstorming can be explained as producing a large quantity of solution on a problem to find out its solution among them. By using this tool, there is initially no criticism and question of idea should be allowed. Then combinations of solutions can be used as decision making tool for improvement of organisation. Gordon technique is similar with brainstorming but it can be differ from that group leader knows the exact nature of the real problem under consideration (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 84). Nominal group technique is involving few steps as highly structured technique. The order of steps is listening recording voting-discussion final voting. This technique minimizes personal interactions to maximize their activity and reduce pressure from conformity with group decision. The synectics is a relatively new technique used in creative decision making process. This technique uses metaphorical thinking to make the familiar strange and the strange familiar (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 85). None of those techniques is a perfect tool for assisting decision makers activity. Each technique should be considered as a just tool that can facilitate proper decision making process by decision makers. Rational decision making method is the most pervasive and influential and to use rational decision making effectively, this includes the following steps: recognising and defining the situation, developing alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting the best alternative, implementation, and follow-up and evaluation (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2006, p. 208-212). First, when problem exist, it is necessary to find out what kind of problem it is including organisations current situation. The gap between the current situation and existing problem can be identified in this step. Second, developing alternatives is for finding a cause of problem in the situation and gathering information concerning the current state of affairs. Third, evaluating alternatives has a role for helping decision maker to evaluate a solution from among the available alternatives. Forth, selecting the best alternatives is choosing the best option from among the evaluated alternatives. Fifth, implementati on refers that decision maker is putting the decision he/she chosen into actual organisational activities. Sixth, the last step is evaluating the effectiveness of the implemented decision by decision maker. These steps assist decision maker to optimize organisations outcome. Fitzgerald believes that embedded within the rational model is the belief that managers actually optimize their decision making behaviour by deliberately choosing and implementing the best alternatives (2002, p.13). On the other hand there are similar but slightly different approach is included in rational method. That is satisficing approach. The difference between optimizing approach and satisficing approach in rational method is satisficing is selecting the first alternative that meets the decision makers minimum standard of satisfaction instead of selecting the best possible alternative from among every possible alternative (Rue Byars, 2007, p. 74). Intuitive decision making method is used when decision maker decide organisational decision bases on hunches and intuition (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2006, p. 216). Moreover, Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter defined intuitive decision making as a subconscious process of making decisions on basis of experience and accumulated judgement (2006, p. 216). That means an emotional decision is put into action by decision maker from their mind in decision making process. The emotional attachment can lead manager to poor decisions or can be very real especially who are living in the past. However, the key is manager should not ignore when the available information exist. Intuition plays an important role in decision making process. Consequently, it can be said managers experience and judgement is important when he/she faces the decision making situation. Learning from the past is not easy but once it has become your knowledge, it can be important resource for decision making as a dec ision maker (Williams, 2002, p. 153). In conclusion, this essay discussed about definition and conditions of decision making. The different conditions such as certainty, risk and uncertainty give different influence on decision making process. And the tools and methods have been identified as that can promote improvement of organisation by decision making and several steps in decision making methods to assist decision managers and entrepreneurs. The tools in decision making process allow improving the quality of organisations important decision. Then the methods in decision making are more related to assist decision makers to put one of the possible alternatives on actual action. Decision making process can be improved by recognising conditions of decision making and applying appropriate tools and methods to problems decision maker is faced. To be effective and efficient in decision making process, managers need to be open to new information and others opinion. If managers and entrepreneurs apply creative and sufficient decision making skills in their decision making process, there are various solutions to achieve their goal or overcome their problem will be allowed without failure in decision making.

The Son Of God Religion Essay

The Son Of God Religion Essay In the gospel of Mark we read of the Son of God, but this title is used sparingly, only at key moments The Transfiguration, Trial with the High Priest when Christ is condemned and by the centurion at the foot of the Cross, truly this Man was the Son of God. Mark wants people to know the Christ is the Son of God, he does not want people to misunderstand who Jesus is, he is not a magician, healer, etc. There is a lot to more to Jesus and Mark wrote his gospel to clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen with regard to Jesus. The gospel writers knew they were right, they did not want people to lose heart; the communities that they were writing for were communities of faith. Mark says Jesus is Divine; He is the Son of God, not some local hero. He is the Son of God faithful to his Father. We hear Peters answer to the question asked by Jesus is correct. Peter calls Jesus the Christ but he really does not understand what he has said, he did not really understand what this meant. This is the turning point in Marks gospel. Peter thought that Jesus was power and glory. He saw Jesus as a great person with great power greater than that of Caesar and King David rolled into one. Jesus was swift to correct Peter who had made a mistake. To be Christ meant rejection, torture, death and then and only then Resurrection, but to a new kind of life, eternal life offered to all. . Peter had to accept Christs idea of what it meant to be Christ and to totally accept this idea. Peter had to be converted. He had to realise that Christ had not come to overturn Caesar; Christ had come to destroy sin, death and the Devil. Are we like Peter and answer Jesus, you are the Christ without actually thinking what this means. There are consequences if we say Jesus, you are the Christ and these consequences are not defined by us, they are guided by Christ. If I genuinely believe in Christ I will surrender myself to His will, His ways, His agenda for me, I will not set my own agenda I will not care about my own comfort etc. I will visit Him in the Blessed Sacrament and see him in all the people I come across without exception. If I genuinely believe that Christ is the Son of God, then everything changes and it must change. The deeper I enter into a relationship with Christ and the more I embrace His ways, His ideals, etc the more committed I become. I become a Christian. We become totally converted. But I only become a true follower and committed member of the church if my faith is profound and rooted in Christ, so rooted that it is in the depths of my heart. So I must show concern for all not matter who they are. Faith as mentioned in the Letter of James is not only prayer but also means showing compassion and care for Gods people, as Christ has, if one of the brothers or one of the sisters is in need and we do not help then our faith is only a talking faith. Faith in Christ is a faith of action. A faith without deeds is an abstract faith if the good works do not go with faith, it is quite dead Faith in unity with Christ, does what Christ would do. No point in being pious, kneeling in front of the Blessed Sacrament and being totally unaware of what is going on around us and saying to ourselves that what is happening in the third world countries has nothing to do with me. So there are consequences in being a Christian and saying You are the Messiah, the Anointed One of God We must be prepared to deny ourselves to follow Christ and listen to what he has to say to us. We will never be asked to give up our life for Christ I hope, I mean to be martyred for our faith. But we are asked to lose our life, and this means that we enter into a loving relationship with Christ, we love Him without reservation, we take up our cross whatever that is follow Him without grumbling. We give ourselves wholeheartedly to Christ. This gospel today challenges us as followers of Christ. Can we willingly follow like the Suffering Servant mentioned in our Psalm, giving ourselves completely to God and to die for Christ like he died for us. IF WE DO THIS OUR LIVES WILL BE TRANSFRORMED BEYOND WORDS.

The Main Categories of Market Structures Essay -- Economy Economics U.

The Main Categories of Market Structures Recent industry analyses typically have strong relation with economic theories. There is a theory, belongs to microeconomics, divides industries into categories according t the degree of competition that exists between the firms within the industry, i.e. the theory of Alternative Market Structures. This essay based on three questions divides into 3 parts to explain and evaluate the questions. This essay (PART A) outlines the main categories of market structures, and shows the theoretical features of two of them, i.e. Perfect Competition and Oligopoly. This essay (PART B) evaluates upon the most relevant structure in regard to the UK supermarket industry. This essay (PART C) shows the implications for the UK supermarket industry of the Morrison to take over Safeway. Additionally, in this essay, the spread conclusions of three parts are in their finalities that would be instead of the conclusion in the end of the whole essay. PART A Markets can be described in relation to their different levels of competitiveness. The different market structures are perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic. For an overview of each structure's comparative characteristics. In this essay, it analyzes the two of them: Perfect Competition and Oligopoly. Perfect Competition is the most competitive kind of market structure. It is considered as an ideal form of economic organization for providing goods and services to consumers as efficiently as possible. Its characteristics are classified as follows: 1. There are many firms in the industry, thus an individual firm's contribution to total industry supply is so small that whether... ...ucture by the acquisition, that means the market will be made even harder for new shops, especially the small firms who may not have abilities to compete, offering a new shopping experience to enter the market. Because of the barriers, it causes some limitation on the customer choices. As above mentioned, the Competition CommissionÂ’s decision of acquisition by Morrisons of Safeway motivates the UK supermarket industry to be more monopolistic while maintaining the scope of competitiveness. Of course, there are a few potential problems that might express in next few years, when the competition is gradually reducing and balancing. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Works Cited [1] Source by Sloman & Sutcliffe, Economics for Business, 1998 [2] Source by IDC data, 2003 [3] Source by Competition Commission, 2004 The Main Categories of Market Structures Essay -- Economy Economics U. The Main Categories of Market Structures Recent industry analyses typically have strong relation with economic theories. There is a theory, belongs to microeconomics, divides industries into categories according t the degree of competition that exists between the firms within the industry, i.e. the theory of Alternative Market Structures. This essay based on three questions divides into 3 parts to explain and evaluate the questions. This essay (PART A) outlines the main categories of market structures, and shows the theoretical features of two of them, i.e. Perfect Competition and Oligopoly. This essay (PART B) evaluates upon the most relevant structure in regard to the UK supermarket industry. This essay (PART C) shows the implications for the UK supermarket industry of the Morrison to take over Safeway. Additionally, in this essay, the spread conclusions of three parts are in their finalities that would be instead of the conclusion in the end of the whole essay. PART A Markets can be described in relation to their different levels of competitiveness. The different market structures are perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic. For an overview of each structure's comparative characteristics. In this essay, it analyzes the two of them: Perfect Competition and Oligopoly. Perfect Competition is the most competitive kind of market structure. It is considered as an ideal form of economic organization for providing goods and services to consumers as efficiently as possible. Its characteristics are classified as follows: 1. There are many firms in the industry, thus an individual firm's contribution to total industry supply is so small that whether... ...ucture by the acquisition, that means the market will be made even harder for new shops, especially the small firms who may not have abilities to compete, offering a new shopping experience to enter the market. Because of the barriers, it causes some limitation on the customer choices. As above mentioned, the Competition CommissionÂ’s decision of acquisition by Morrisons of Safeway motivates the UK supermarket industry to be more monopolistic while maintaining the scope of competitiveness. Of course, there are a few potential problems that might express in next few years, when the competition is gradually reducing and balancing. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Works Cited [1] Source by Sloman & Sutcliffe, Economics for Business, 1998 [2] Source by IDC data, 2003 [3] Source by Competition Commission, 2004

Harry Potter And The Goblet of Firebook report Essay -- Essays Papers

Harry Potter And The Goblet of Firebook report Harry Potter The Time The Story Takes Place and Setting This story takes place at the present time. It takes place over the course of one year. It all starts at a small town outside London, then moves to an enchanted castle, located in a the middle of Britain. The castle is very large and would take hours to describe in detail. It has secret passages, doors that can move, and suits of armour that can get up and walk around. It has four large towers, and a dungeon in which Potions class is held for the pupils. The castle is actually a large school by the name of â€Å"Hogwart School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.† Hogwart is surrounded by a forbidden forest, which has werewolves and giant spiders in it. The students go to school at the castle, and it is set up like an English boarding school. The school also has a large lake beside it. It is fathoms deep, and has many magical creatures in it, from Hinkypunks, to Merpeople. Characters (1) Dominant The main character in this story is Harry Potter. He is a fourteen year old boy, and the extraordinary thing about him is that he is a magician. He is very famous, because when he was one year old he defeated the most powerful evil sorcerer of the time. The person he defeated was named Voldemort, and he died after killing Harry’s parents and turning on him. Voldemort had many supporters, and after he was weakened and almost lifeless most pretended to be under ...

Lizard by Dennis Covington Essay

Dennis Covington is an American writer of fiction whose stories give a realistic version of the world through the lives of the fictitious characters. He did his education in fiction writing and got BA degree from the University of Virginia. He married second time to Vicki Covington in 1977 and also taught at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. (Alabama Center for the Book and Auburn University, 2008) Lizard is his commendable story of a deformed young teenage boy, Lucius Sims, whose deformity gets him a nickname Lizard. The whole story revolves around this boy, his anguish as he is abused and laughed at by other children and even though not mentally retarded yet is admitted in the asylum of mentally retarded children. Lucius Sims has a disfigured face and looks completely different from others and similar to a reptile. This makes him an object of ridicule and insults. He is often insulted and called â€Å"Turd Head† (Covington, 1991, p. 10) by the boys, and nurse refers him as â€Å"that boy with squashed head† (Covington, 1991, p. 28). He is also admitted in Leesville State School for mentally handicapped boys by a woman named Miss Colley with whom he was staying. From this place onwards his troubles and problems actually start. There is no sign or even evidence of his being mentally handicapped still he is forced to stay with these children which prove nothing less than a torture for him. His sending him off to the school of mental retarded children is just a means to get rid of him, so that Miss Colley could marry without having to face burden of taking care of him. Lucius is burdened of having to face not only these children but also adults so he decides to escape. Soon he gets an opportunity when he is helped by a young actress and an actor to flee from school. He takes this chance to escape into the new profound freedom. They take him into the acting company where he plays a role of Caliban in one of the organized Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. In course of his journey, he comes across range of people- orphaned brother and sister whom he finds staying in a dirty swamp, a museum curator, a black artist, and finally again Miss Cooley whom he finds to be his own mother. On this journey he has to face many situations and circumstances which are both tragic as well as comic like interstate chase, acting debut, unreciprocated love, his acting career and many more adventures. â€Å"While performing in the play, Lizard becomes a specifically American Caliban who finds through the culturally-authoritative voice of Shakespeare, language to speak the trauma of self and nation crystallized by the extreme political history of 1963. † (Hateley, 2009, p. 158) Plot moves very slowly in the beginning but becomes more mesmerizing as it moves forward. Whole text appears to be very loosely connected with again plot appearing to be like turning here and there and twisting. In some places, rough language has also been used which has very little or no relevance to the plot. Many people have been described in the book that gives a nice view about the present society as a whole and the difficulties it faces. It is a self narrative with an autobiographical touch as this whole story has been told by Lizard himself and from his perspective. Through this story, we could not stop but admire him for the way he shows courage and strength in dealing with the circumstances and the people around him. All other characters are also very intriguing allowing us to have a good grasp of the society and its ways. Lizard is Covington’s first work of fiction as he produced originality while espousing the social themes and the worldly affairs with great dexterity and as a keen watcher. This novel is more recommended for young aged between 14 to 16 who should adopt the attitude of love and tolerance towards these â€Å"other† unconventional children. It is also a novel of hope and optimism as in this odd world, a body with disfigured face wants to make his place. Through the eyes of this young boy nicknamed Lizard, writer allows us to show great wisdom, and love for all. It is also a way to remove the undaunted fear of adolescence. While reading the novel, it appears writer has achieved what he wanted with no doubt through the confused, tormented and on some occasions violent while other funny escapades of main the protagonist Lizard. Reference List Alabama Center for the Book and Auburn University. (2008). Dennis Covington. Retrieved on May 2, 2010 from W. W. W: http://www. alabamaliterarymap. org/author. cfm? AuthorID=134 Covington, D. (1991). Lizard. New York, N. Y: Bantam Doubleday Dell. Hateley, E. (2009) Shakespeare in children’s literature: gender and cultural capital. New York, NY: Routledge. Perantoni, C. (2003) First One I and Then the Other, in Reimagining Shakespeare for children and young adults edited by Naomi J. Miller. New York, NY: Routledge. Polette, N. & Ebbesmeyer, J. (2002). Literature lures: using picture books and novels to motivate middle school readers. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited. Ward, M. (2006). Voices from the Margins: An Annotated Bibliography of Fiction of Disabilities and Differences for Young People. IAP.

Compare and Contrast Yakuza and the Triads

Crime in Japan also involves the Yakuza and the Triads. There are similarities between the Yakuza and the Triads. On the other hand, there are differences between the Yakuza and the Triads. the following paragraphs explain in detail the similarities and differences between the two organized crime groups. BODY: Similarities between the Yakuza and the Triads Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a â€Å"family† styled program. The Yakuza was organized under a family relationship. The Yakuza is sometimes described as the Japanese mafia. The Mafia had a Godfather at the top and the other members of Yakuza are called brothers or children. The Yakuza goes even deeper with the implementation of the unique Japanese relationship described as â€Å"father role and a child role†. In the Yakuza, the ‘father' gives advice to the members in terms of protection and help. In answer, the members of the Yakuza group pledge unswerving loyalty to the Yakuza leader. The Yakuza member is called a Kobun. The Yakuza environment is filled with trust, loyalty and obedience to the Yakuza organization. The new members are expected to act as shields for their leaders by staying at the front in case of battles, conflicts with the law or otherwise. It is customary for the new members to take the blame and even go to jail for the oyabun's (leader's) crime. Likewise, the Triad members must support each other in times of good and in times of bad. This is how the real family works. Clearly, Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a â€Å"family† styled program. Further, both the triads and Yakuza implement formal ceremonies to accept a new member. The Yakuza members drink a cup of sake to formalize entering into the blood connection between the ‘godfather' and the other members of the group. This is known as the oyabun -kobun or leader – follower relationship. The Yakuza ceremony is done in front of the Japanese god Shinto. The Triads also accept their new recruits in a ceremony characterized by the killing of a rooster, drawing blood from the new recruit's fingers and the new recruit's skin to symbolize a new blood relationship among its leaders and members . Evidently, both the triads and Yakuza implement formal ceremonies to accept a new member. Furthermore, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood. Each member of both groups support their leaders with their lives. Some people join the Yakuza or the triad because there is power in numbers. Both groups are engaged in illegal activities like guns, drugs as well as women trafficking . Surely, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood. Differences between the Yakuza and the Triads on the Other Hand. The Chinese Triad members in Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yakuza brotherhood. The Triad members are less strict in terms of organizational discipline than the Yakuza society. Not all Triad members are gangsters. Likewise, not all gangsters are triad members. Small Triad groups give undying loyalty to their leader. The members of the triad do favors for one another and engage in criminal activities together in a less formal relationship. On the other hand, the Yakuza members are bound by their pledge to protect the leader and implement the Yakuza laws to the letter. Undoubtedly, the Chinese triad members in Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yakuza brotherhood. In addition, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Today, there are more than eighty thousand Yakuza members around the world. Some Politicians in Japan hire Yakuza members to keep their political opponents at bay. The Yakuza owned nightclubs in China to real estate properties in New York. The Yakuza developed companies by rigging the juicy bidding processes to win many construction projects. Later, the Yakuza diversified its activities during the unprofitable economic bubble burst in the 1990s. The Yakuza racked up billions of U. S. dollars from loans that the banks could not recover during the bubble. The Yakuza has the money to hire the best lawyers and as many lawyers as it wants in order to pile up their winning streak many of their cases filed in the Japanese courts. The Yakuza has been spread its choke hold into many other countries including the United States. Over seven hundred forty offices were controlled by the Yakuza in the busy Tokyo scene . The Triad only operated in Hong Kong with its outstretched arms influencing its neighbors. Unquestionably, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Plus, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty years in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong triad (now a province of China) is known as the Chinese Mafia. Today, the Triad is highly organized and has spread under a centralized underworld organization where it holds excessive criminal influence over Hong Kong and other other countries. Definitely, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty years in Hong Kong. The Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. The Triad was established originally as a mutual aid association with the end in mind of resolving peacefully conflicts the migratory differences among the different groups in the southern regions of Fujian province in China during the eighteenth century. The Chinese triad are bound by their paramount subculture that involves powerful patriotism and unquestionable righteousness. Later, these subcultures were rooted out so that the new subculture of loyalty to the triad group and brotherhood would be wedged into the hearts of the triad members. currently, patriotism has been set to the burner because the triad had dropped down to its current criminal gang activities . On the other hand, the Yakuza started as a crime -engaging organization. The Yakuza continues to be a crime -engaging organization. Obviously, the Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. CONCLUSION: Crime in Japan also involves the Yakuza and the Triads. There are similarities between the Yakuza and the Triads. Both the Yakuza and the Triad were formed under a â€Å"family† styled program. Further, both the triads and Yakuza implement formal ceremonies to accept a new member. Furthermore, both groups are characterized by a fraternal brotherhood of lawlessness. On the other hand, there are differences between the Yakuza and the Triads. The Chinese triad of Hong Kong help each other in times of need in a less serious way than the Yakuza brotherhood. In addition, the Yakuza is larger than the Triads. Plus, the Yakuza originally operated in Japan whereas the Triad has been operating for more than one hundred fifty years in Hong Kong. The Yakuza started out as a criminal organization whereas the Triad was founded one hundred fifty years ago as a legal organization. Conclusively, there are similarities and differences between the Yakuza and the Triad. Works Cited Chu, Yiu Kong. The Triads as Business. London: Routledge, 2000. Gilmer, Lillian Roe. â€Å"Japan's Communications Interception Act: Unconstitutional Invasion of Privacy or Necessary Tool?.† Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 35.3 (2002): 893+ Hill, Peter B. E. The Japanese Mafia: Yakuza, Law, and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Kaplan, David E., and Alec Dubro. Yakuza: Japan's Criminal Underworld. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.