An Analysis of Christianity Through the Lens of Toulmins Method of Essay

An Analysis of Christianity Through the Lens of Toulmins Method of Argumentation - Essay Example Concerning the case, it is the position of this short paper at its very center, Christianity puts a high accentuation on that stewardship ought to fundamentally characterize the manner by which the Christian connects with his general surroundings. Despite the fact that Christianity all by itself puts the essential sparks upon the need to live as Christ, the compositions of Paul and others demonstrate that a base concentration as for assets and their use must be clung to so as to all the more likely display a Christ-focused relationship. As will be developed in more noteworthy profundity inside this examination, this principal idea of stewardship concerning the manner in which the Christian ought to cooperate with the material world follows its comprehension not exclusively to the life and case of Christ or the compositions of Paul yet back to the very beginnings of mankind with the creation and guidance given to Adam and Eve (Bookless 39). With regards to Toulmin’s model, the ground is the second piece of the contention which must be created upon and thought of. Accordingly, the ground bolsters that stewardship, albeit a New Testament Doctrine is likewise displayed somewhere else under various names all through the Bible. One of these is obviously shown during the creation story as God charges Adam to investigate the creation and watch out for it (Grizzle 233). Clearly, man and lady were made over the creatures and were given territory over them; notwithstanding, this domain, as showed in the Old Testament book of Genesis, didn't demonstrate that mankind could abuse the assets given to him for no other advantage than his own self delight. Or maybe, man was given domain over the collective of animals (and by augmentation the earth) as a way to utilize his undeniable ability and better insight than try to advance the requirements of these creatures. By expansion, the set of all animals was given to man initially as an extraordinary charge; one in which ref lected the accuse that God had of humanity †a novel relationship whereby the maker exceptionally cherished and thought about his creation. Along these lines, the ground for the contention is made much more grounded that God endeavored to connect with humanity with the reality of stewardship through giving him charge of the lesser animals that God had made. So also, Toulmin’s contentious rationale proceeds to the issue of the warrant. In this phase of argumentation, Toulmin would have the peruser interface the previous case and ground to an undeniable association that prompts an evident end. Along these lines, the creator of this investigation has up to this point spread out the way that stewardship in the New Testament lays a major system through which the Christian is accused of incorporating with and looking out for the material assets he/she is answerable for in this life. As needs be, the ground proceeded to give

Unconscionability And How It May Mean That A Cannot Be Enforced

Question: What Are The Characteristics Of An Unequal Bargain That Must Or Might Be Demonstrated To Indicate Unconscionability? Answer: Introducation: In the current task, an endeavor has been had to investigate the effect of unconscionability on the enforceability of agreements that hosts been made by the gatherings in their business exchanges. Here and there, uncalled for rehearses received by the organizations and thus, countless purchasers are burdened. With the rising number of such buyers, the need was felt to give help to such buyers under legal law, and furthermore under the arrangements of customary law. Thusly, in this exploration, the arrangements of legal law and furthermore the pertinent arrangements of customary law have been investigated, especially the progressions that were presented after the choice given in Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983). This was an especially pertinent case where the court concluded that it can depend upon the unconscionable lead of involved with the agreement. Consequently, this case can be portrayed as the explanation because of which the alteration of unconscionability was presented in the law of agreement in Australia. Additionally, it merits referencing that with the ascent in the arrangements of purchaser assurance enactment that have been actualized to give equity to the shoppers and simultaneously to uphold the 'unconscionable lead' condition when legally binding connections are made between the gatherings. By and large, the law gives that the responsibility for exchanges rests with the broker. Therefore, it is the obligation of the merchant to guarantee that a reasonable and sensible exchange hosts been made between the gatherings (Beatson and Virgo, 2002). In its structure as a convention of agreement law, the reason behind the presentation of unconscionable lead was that value and reasonable play ought to be maintained. For this reason, the term unconscionable direct can be portrayed as the conduct because of which the court may give help to the next gathering. In Blomley v Ryan (1956), the court had depended upon this principle for giving help to the next gathering. Simultaneously, the use of unconscionability in instances of agreements made between the gatherings was additionally fortified when this precept was utilized by the court to give its judgment in Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983). Under these conditions, it gets imperative to quickly make reference to the realities of this case. There was an older vagrant couple from Australia, Mr. also, Mrs. Amadio who remained as the underwriters for the credit that was taken by their child, Vincenzo from the Commercial Bank. The administrator of the bank was in ordinary contact with Vincenzo and having a decent comprehension of the business real factors, the director realized that most likelihood, Vincenzo had not advised the realities to his folks and made a distortion to set them up to become underwriters for the credit he was going to take from the bank. Under these conditions, the organization fizzled and the bank began endeavors to implement the assurance, which was given by Vincenzo's folks by selling their structure. Under these conditions, the court to choose if the older couple can be considered as being limited by the home loan and if this agreement can be upheld against them, keeping in see the conditions in which the agreement was marked by them. It merits referencing that Amadios have relocated from Italy and they were not extremely capable in English language. Additionally, before marking the agreement, no free exhortation was accessible to them. This occurred in any event, when the bank chief, Mr. Virgo was very much aware of the business circumstance of their child. In any case, he didn't attempt to exhort the old couple that they should look for expert and autonomous exhortation before remaining as underwriters for their child. At the point when the Amadios had marked the agreement, the bank was very much aware of the way that the monetary state of their child was not entirely steady. Correspondingly, the bank likewise realized that maybe the old couple didn't know about the way that the matter of their child was not progressing nicely. Another issue was that the Amadios was under the feeling that under the agreement, their risk will be restricted to $50,000. In this manner the bank didn't attempt to advise the Amadios that actually, there obligation was boundless as the underwriters for the advance taken by their child. Considering every one of these realities, the court come to the end result that the bank knew with respect to the extraordinary incapacity from which the Amadios were languishing. Yet at the same time the bank didn't make any strides with the goal that the old couple can comprehend the idea of exchange. Thusly, the court expressed for this situation that the bank had made the most of an ope n door for this situation and this can be supposed to be unconscientious. The court called attention to that on this premise, the provision of unconscionability depends upon. Taking into account this choice, another idea turned into a piece of the agreement law. Correspondingly, because of this choice, administrative changes were additionally made in the legal law. The term unconscionability can be recognized in two different ways. The main occurrence is of procedural unconscionability. For this situation, the more fragile gathering has endured a disservice during the exchanges. Along these lines, the more grounded party has exploited the way that either the buyer doesn't have adequate information/understanding with respect to the agreement or the purchaser can't settle on an autonomous choice (Carlin, 2002). Along these lines, for this situation, there is disappointment with respect to the buyer to illuminate him that roads are accessible from where help can be taken with the end goal of plainly seeing all the conditions of the agreement. Thus, it tends to be deduced for this situation that a bit of leeway has been taken by the dealer with respect to the absence of comprehension of the shopper (Grantham and Rickett, 2001). The subsequent case is of meaningful unconscionability. This is connected with the injustice of the legally binding terms or the result of the agreement. Thus, it can likewise uncover that a specific agreement was made based on undue impact or pressure. Under these conditions, it isn't feasible for the customer to settle on a free choice as the buyer is confronting undue impact. For the most part in such cases, the courts don't attempt to see whether the gatherings have gotten a decent deal or a terrible deal under the agreement. Be that as it may, the court considers if in such a case, a possibility was accessible to the gathering to appropriately choose if the exchange was in the wellbeing or not. Because of the explanation that for the most part went unconscionability is included, a lopsidedness of haggling power is additionally present among the gatherings, it is simple for people and little organizations to charge unconscionability against enormous organizations (Kremer, 2001). Under these conditions, it tends to be said that the reason behind the presentation of the convention of unconscionability can be portrayed as to ensure that the more grounded party is the mindful of the way that the other party experiences a hindrance in regards to the exchange. Taking into account the choice of the court for Amadio's situation, it tends to be said that the more grounded party needs to set up in the court that the exchange was reasonable, just and sensible with the goal that the exchange may not be upbraided by the court. After the choice given by the court in Amadio case, a few advancements occurred in this field of law. These progressions incorporate the revisions that were made to the prior Trade Practices Act, 1974 and furthermore the progressions presented in the Corporations Act, 2001 and the ASIC Act. Thus, different implicit rules that were in power in various ventures additionally experienced these changes. For example, changes were found in the budgetary a dministrations division in July 1990. Thus, it was given by these progressions that the ASIC has been given the principle obligation to deal with the issues related with purchaser and independent venture insurance if there should be an occurrence of the money related division. The separate utilization of various sorts of arrangements related with the unconscionable direct to the agreements managing money related administrations should be chosen, keeping in see the specific rejection conditions and the definitions that have been referenced in the ASIC Act. In spite of the fact that the enactment obviously characterizes the monetary administrations and items, the arrangements managing unconscionable lead under this law are like the arrangements that existed under the Trade Practices Act, 1974. Thus, there are proportionate consistence commitments for the organizations that are working in the money related administrations division (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). To manage situations where unconscionability is included, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission give certain solutions for the customers. As indicated by the law, authoritative or court move can be made by the Commission against people or organizations if the Commission accepts that they are associated with unconscionable direct that has penetrated the law. In such cases, the activity taken by the Commission will rely upon its needs and furthermore the idea of direct. A few unique sorts of managerial activity is accessible to the Commission. For instance, the Commission may make a solicitation that a specific individual or business should stop specific direct or it should change a specific exchange practice received by it (Kremer, 2001). Concerning genuine instances of such lead, it is accessible to the Commission to acknowledge an enforceable endeavor from such individual or business and the commission can likewise make it open. The courts can implement these composed e ndeavors, in the event that an application has been made by the Commission. Thus, it is likewise accessible to the Commission to make court move on the off chance that it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to determine a specific issue through regulatory methods. In such

Nok Nok Labs

Nok Nok Labs INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in Palo Alto with Ramesh at Nok Nok labs. Hi Ramesh, how are you  and what do you do?Ramesh: Hi Martin, how are you doing?Martin: Awesome. What do you do?Ramesh: We are a company which is focusing on fixing the cyber security problem. As you know, strong authentication in cyber security is still focused on user ID’s and passwords. And if you see the latest online attacks that are happening in the industry, most of them are related to doing a cyber site attack and stealing all bunch of passwords from various users and those passwords being used at some other sites to commit fraud in financial markets and in healthcare markets. And these markets are pretty security and privacy centric. If we still are laying on user ID’s and password and we’re all vulnerable and with respect to what’s happening in the industry right now unlike earlier days when we were using internet for information access, now internet is being used for lifestyle management . And if we’re still trying to build our security base off user ID’s and passwords which are vulnerable and also unlike earlier, where we have used one or two accounts. Nowadays, we have fifteen to twenty accounts each, for  select works, banks, financial organization, online site. And it is becoming very difficult to keep track passwords and so we normally use two or three passwords to make our lives simple. But when a hacker goes to a server site and harvest a whole bunch of passwords, he will reuse on other financial institution and conduct transaction like you and do the fraud.So what we focus on is actually how do we do security without actually using user ID’s and passwords, how do we eliminate passwords.  And we focus on actually selling servers which we do online security without using passwords. So Nok Nok has two components to it; Nok Nok builds servers on a product called FIDO, faster identity online. Faster Identity online is an alliance, an open standing building committee body that was actually founded by me also. We, Nok Nok labs, have donated IP to the alliance. Alliance, now in 2009, has started to work, but we openly went out with FIDO alliance during Arisi conference in 2013, with six founding members in FIDO alliance. And today, 2015, we are about to 260 close to 250 companies in the alliance who actually endorse the protocols and contribute to the protocol. So that alliance, FIDO alliance is a non-profit organization. The purpose of the alliance is primarily to define the specs, and it wants the spec   working with the  global industry. Nok Nok is the first implementer of the protocol. There are two protocols in Fido; one is called UAF, the other one is called U2F. Nok Nok focus on UAF, UAF protocol, United Amitigation Framework. So the two entities that I wasâ€"FIDO alliance, I was one of three founders were FIDO alliance. But it was initiated by me and a other gentlemen name   Michael Ballot, he started Paypal and also another gent lemen by another gentleman named Taho Elgomarto he was the inland professor so we started FIDO alliance and in 2011 I founded Nok Nok Labs.Martin: Ok, interesting. And what is your background actually?Ramesh: My background is engineering electronics and then I came to this country working for IBM as an consultant, primarily in the cyber security space. And 1995 I started my first services company and that used to focus on taking the legacy mainframe based information system and migrating them to   internet and web technologies.Martin: What made you become an entrepreneur?Ramesh: Just like any other middle class family in India I came here after my studies and being entrepreneur and wanting to do something unique, wanting to do something different. We just started off, I found an opportunity of working in the mainframe space primarily and internet technology. So I found an opportunity to actually take some of those mainframe base application and move them to web based technology; fou nd an opportunity took that opportunity and formed by first web based company. And that company which was a resource company actually funded my second company which was a product company. And during those days I also was a founding member  of a company which did those video streaming on the web in 1998-1999 when people were doing graphics on the web we went and did the video streaming on the web. Actually we were one of the first two companies which did that and that company was acquired by Akamine. And then I also founded another  company which did the messaging on the cell phone like emails and other stuff. So I was one of the first few guys who did the email on the cell phone.And then I joined  Phoenix technologies as a senior Vice President during the tenure I was also a part of the city council of the federal government, advising on cyber security and stuff. And then I joined a company which was kind of struggling  called Validity Sensor which is a finger printing company. I w as drove the companys product strategy and market strategy and tried to turn the company around and that company became profitable in four years. That company also got acquired Synoptic.It was during those days what I found was the number of online attacks that were happening, the financial fraud that happening. And also we have interestingly moved from PC based community to a cell phone based community where screens are much smaller and then you want to access stuff from cell phone, such as touch screen user ID’s and passport is not always good, its not convenient, its not easy. And incidentally I was also CTO of  a fingerprint sensor company which actually identifies you without you actually entering   a user ID and password. I was actually trying to see how we increase the utility of fingerprint and that’s when I ran into Michael Ballot, he started Paypal. We started discussing, here is a big fraud that’s happening in the industry, which is a business pain and here is human pain where people are struggling to enter user ID and passwords, entering multiple passwords, a number of accounts is increasing. As long as you try to do security on the internet with the primary infrastructure still base on user ID and password, you’re actually not treating the disease, you’re treating the symptom.You really need to fix the problem, fix the disease. And we actually took a step back and if we were to do cyber security online litigation and on a clean slate, how do you do that. So that’s when I actually, with my team wrote the protocol which were the concepts of protocols based on which FIDO was formed. And then we donated that IP to FIDO alliance and then how my fifth company Nok Nok Labs got started and until now we raised about fifty million dollars with the company, Nok Nok Labs.The very work we do, FIDO alliance of integration, eliminates the passwords; the user doesn’t have to remember the passwords user name, the user doesn’t have to type the passw ord. Sever doesn’t know their password, and the more user authenticates himself to device, the device then authenticate back to me, servers.BUSINESS MODEL OF NOK NOK LABSMartin: But how does it authenticate? Just walk me through. Imagine, I am a normal customer an individual, and I want to authenticize, how does that work for example with a bank?Ramesh: So today, if you want to try to log on to the bank you use your user ID and password and that package gets send to the server. And as you are typing and sending you are vulnerable to many different attacks, it could be fishing attack, it could be manageable attacks or it could be dictionary attack or somebody can simply attack servers and get your credentials. In the new model, if you see Apple’s iPhone, iPhone 5 iPhone 6, Samsung Galaxy X 5 and S6, the  fingerprints facial recognition technologies is highly scaling, it’s becoming mainstream right now. I mean earlier we had cost issues and quality issues. Now  those things ar e coming together where now fingerprinting, iris technology, and facial technology is mature and it is deployable in mass scale and the cost have also comes down dramatically and thanks to iPhone embracing fingerprinting and that made fingerprinting mainstream technology now.Martin: But does that mean you’re mainly focusing on mobile security or is it also that you’re doing this for desktop?Ramesh: Same infrastructure  can be also be used by both PC, cell phone and tablet. So the way it works, you authenticate yourself to device using your fingerprint and facial recognition technology and something. And then there is a process if you are a user of the bank currently using user ID and password, next time that you have a FIDO enabled  phone or FIDO enabled PC you go log on using your password, servers then can recognize that   you have a FIDO component infrastructure device and then it walks you through a registration process.That registration process is simple: you look into the camera, you speak a phrase, touch the sensor, a single touch, a single phrase, or a single blink; any of these things, just this. You do that, and during that period there will be some typographic exchange that happening between the client and the servers. And the typographic signatures are generated on the client and sent to the server. I don’t want to get into too much detail, but there is a public and private key kind of security infrastructure. The private key is generated on the client and the public key is sent to the servers for that user for that device. From that moment onward, any authentication that happen between the servers and the client is based on that cryptographic signature on a challenge response basis. So next time when you want a authentication to be used, a service or a bank you simply go to the bank site and then you touch the finger, look into the camera for that single phase, then the response for the challenge that servers process for the device gets gen erated and that’s how you get authenticated.Martin: Is there a way to gain this? For example, imagine I would know that this mobile phone is attached to Ramesh, and by the way I would have a photo of Ramesh which I would put in front of the camera. This might be used for the facial recognition, voice, maybe something else.Ramesh: So the security is always an arms race. The current problem and security addressing security problem also depends on what kind of security problem you’re interested. Today, if you see majority of the attacks happening on network  cyber security. In most of them, the hackers don’t have motivation to attack one person. What they want to do is go back to sites like Yahoo, LinkedIn, Gmail. Go to a site where they can get hundred of millions of user accounts eBay attack.Martin: Yeah, right.Ramesh: So when you have user IDs and passwords at that scale, then what they want is much bigger. In FIDO, it has to be targeted attack that hacker really wants to att ack. You dont only have to have my picture or my fingerprint but you also have to have steal my device.Martin: I mean I totally understand that it makes it makes the authentication process safer â€" totally understood.Ramesh: Safer, simpler.Martin: Imagine, I want to really hack a company. Maybe then I wouldn’t try to hack via the authentication, but then I would just would like to hack the database, there are the companies that will still have the personally identifiable information.Ramesh: In the current scenario, you’re right, hackers are motivated to hack the server site not the device. When you’re attacking the server site in the older model you get user ID and password. So it’s easy. In the new model, when you attack the server, all you only get is a bunch of public keys. You wont be able to do any thing with that. You got to have private keys.Martin: Oh, good.Ramesh: The private key is stored on the client side. So you are actually turning the authentication process u pside down. You’re not providing a single point of attack for somebody in remote places like press releases of the last year, where a single hacker group has 1.2 billion account information from United States and all over the globe. 1.2 billion accounts that’s how they harvest the whole thing. In this model, when they go and try to steal secrets from the server, they are no secrets on the servers anymore. All they have are public keys, you won’t be able too much with public keys.Martin: Ramesh, what are the major customers of Nok Nok Labs.Ramesh: So like I was mentioning earlier, the FIDO protocol has two components. There needs to be a client component, there needs to be a server. So unless there is a client, you dont have a business for the server side. Nok Nok makes money selling servers. Our first deployment was with Paypal. Paypal has used Nok Nok servers and we worked with Samsung where we actually put the FIDO clients on the mobile phones of Galaxies S5 and Galaxies S6. Now the next deployment of FIDO of Nok Nok servers is with be in Alipay in China, where again we provide the same servers to them, as Samsung phones and other phones that they chose to use where they deployed FIDO, they can use it. The latest one that we deployed  is Docomo entity.Martin: Who is that?Ramesh: Docomo in Japan. That is the biggest carrier in Japan. They have close to 65 million subscribers. Docomo has embraced FIDO at one go. The entire Docomo ID infrastructure now does not use password, uses Nok Nok severs; and completely eliminates password. If you are using Docomo services, Docomo phones now they are no password. You simply either look into the camera. They have actually deployed a fingerprint. They have actually deployed an iris scanning. It works seamlessly. We never had an issue- we deployed it in May. These are the first three major customers we started to work with. As you can see its not normal for a start up company to go after companies like Docomo, Paypal and Alipay as their first customers.Martin:  Definitely.Ramesh: And also deploy at a scale at that we deploy; at very high consumer scale.Martin: And how is the revenue model working?Ramesh: So like I was mentioning earlier. Client is free, we initially with the first version of FIDO we did the clients ourselves, but Microsoft is part of FIDO alliance now and they’ve actually announced recently that Windows 10 will have FIDO infrastructure in them. SnapDragon and Qualcom have announced that they embrace FIDO. Armies buy FIDO. You can go to FIDO Alliance.org and see the members. You can see how many members there are there.Now, Nok Nok has also enabled iPhone 5 and iPhone 6 to use FIDO infrastructure and we have support for that. We, basically, as we are going we expect the client side to be embraced by the operating system people, like Microsoft, Google, Apple kind of people. And we basically focus on selling servers. We have a multi-factor authentication server that we sell to th e people, we deploy to people. We dont host servers, we sell servers, its an enterprise sale.  And if you’re Docomo, you’re a financial institution if you’re bank of Germany, what you simply do is buy the server from us, use our SDK to deploy to your mobile app, internet browser plugin and you’re ready to go.Martin: Why did you choose the selling mode only and not as SAP for example doing sales and service model?Ramesh: We are actually a product company just like SAP company. The only difference is a difference between conventional ERP companies and us it that ERP is full application, and we are an infrastructure business. We don’t sell application, we sell infrastructure.Our server will have to go and integrate with some of the existing application like for instance SAP can deploy our server. SAP has various kind of application that they sell like digital workflow, process management,  supply chain. They are various things that they sell. All of them currently use the var ious user IDs and passwords to get in. SAP can choose to embrace FIDO and then buy a Nok Nok sever. And now all servers can be password free.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM RAMESH In Palo Alto (CA), we meet founder and FIDO Visionary of Nok Nok Labs, Ramesh Kesanupalli. Ramesh talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded Nok Nok Labs, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in Palo Alto with Ramesh at Nok Nok labs. Hi Ramesh, how are you  and what do you do?Ramesh: Hi Martin, how are you doing?Martin: Awesome. What do you do?Ramesh: We are a company which is focusing on fixing the cyber security problem. As you know, strong authentication in cyber security is still focused on user ID’s and passwords. And if you see the latest online attacks that are happening in the industry, most of them are related to doing a cyber site attack and stealing all bunch of passwords from various users and those passwords being used at some other sites to commit fraud in financial markets and in healthcare markets. And these markets are pretty security and privacy cen tric. If we still are laying on user ID’s and password and we’re all vulnerable and with respect to what’s happening in the industry right now unlike earlier days when we were using internet for information access, now internet is being used for lifestyle management. And if we’re still trying to build our security base off user ID’s and passwords which are vulnerable and also unlike earlier, where we have used one or two accounts. Nowadays, we have fifteen to twenty accounts each, for  select works, banks, financial organization, online site. And it is becoming very difficult to keep track passwords and so we normally use two or three passwords to make our lives simple. But when a hacker goes to a server site and harvest a whole bunch of passwords, he will reuse on other financial institution and conduct transaction like you and do the fraud.So what we focus on is actually how do we do security without actually using user ID’s and passwords, how do we eliminate passwords .  And we focus on actually selling servers which we do online security without using passwords. So Nok Nok has two components to it; Nok Nok builds servers on a product called FIDO, faster identity online. Faster Identity online is an alliance, an open standing building committee body that was actually founded by me also. We, Nok Nok labs, have donated IP to the alliance. Alliance, now in 2009, has started to work, but we openly went out with FIDO alliance during Arisi conference in 2013, with six founding members in FIDO alliance. And today, 2015, we are about to 260 close to 250 companies in the alliance who actually endorse the protocols and contribute to the protocol. So that alliance, FIDO alliance is a non-profit organization. The purpose of the alliance is primarily to define the specs, and it wants the spec   working with the  global industry. Nok Nok is the first implementer of the protocol. There are two protocols in Fido; one is called UAF, the other one is called U2F. N ok Nok focus on UAF, UAF protocol, United Amitigation Framework. So the two entities that I wasâ€"FIDO alliance, I was one of three founders were FIDO alliance. But it was initiated by me and a other gentlemen name   Michael Ballot, he started Paypal and also another gentlemen by another gentleman named Taho Elgomarto he was the inland professor so we started FIDO alliance and in 2011 I founded Nok Nok Labs.Martin: Ok, interesting. And what is your background actually?Ramesh: My background is engineering electronics and then I came to this country working for IBM as an consultant, primarily in the cyber security space. And 1995 I started my first services company and that used to focus on taking the legacy mainframe based information system and migrating them to   internet and web technologies.Martin: What made you become an entrepreneur?Ramesh: Just like any other middle class family in India I came here after my studies and being entrepreneur and wanting to do something unique, wa nting to do something different. We just started off, I found an opportunity of working in the mainframe space primarily and internet technology. So I found an opportunity to actually take some of those mainframe base application and move them to web based technology; found an opportunity took that opportunity and formed by first web based company. And that company which was a resource company actually funded my second company which was a product company. And during those days I also was a founding member  of a company which did those video streaming on the web in 1998-1999 when people were doing graphics on the web we went and did the video streaming on the web. Actually we were one of the first two companies which did that and that company was acquired by Akamine. And then I also founded another  company which did the messaging on the cell phone like emails and other stuff. So I was one of the first few guys who did the email on the cell phone.And then I joined  Phoenix technolog ies as a senior Vice President during the tenure I was also a part of the city council of the federal government, advising on cyber security and stuff. And then I joined a company which was kind of struggling  called Validity Sensor which is a finger printing company. I was drove the companys product strategy and market strategy and tried to turn the company around and that company became profitable in four years. That company also got acquired Synoptic.It was during those days what I found was the number of online attacks that were happening, the financial fraud that happening. And also we have interestingly moved from PC based community to a cell phone based community where screens are much smaller and then you want to access stuff from cell phone, such as touch screen user ID’s and passport is not always good, its not convenient, its not easy. And incidentally I was also CTO of  a fingerprint sensor company which actually identifies you without you actually entering   a user ID and password. I was actually trying to see how we increase the utility of fingerprint and that’s when I ran into Michael Ballot, he started Paypal. We started discussing, here is a big fraud that’s happening in the industry, which is a business pain and here is human pain where people are struggling to enter user ID and passwords, entering multiple passwords, a number of accounts is increasing. As long as you try to do security on the internet with the primary infrastructure still base on user ID and password, you’re actually not treating the disease, you’re treating the symptom.You really need to fix the problem, fix the disease. And we actually took a step back and if we were to do cyber security online litigation and on a clean slate, how do you do that. So that’s when I actually, with my team wrote the protocol which were the concepts of protocols based on which FIDO was formed. And then we donated that IP to FIDO alliance and then how my fifth company Nok Nok Labs go t started and until now we raised about fifty million dollars with the company, Nok Nok Labs.The very work we do, FIDO alliance of integration, eliminates the passwords; the user doesn’t have to remember the passwords user name, the user doesn’t have to type the password. Sever doesn’t know their password, and the more user authenticates himself to device, the device then authenticate back to me, servers.BUSINESS MODEL OF NOK NOK LABSMartin: But how does it authenticate? Just walk me through. Imagine, I am a normal customer an individual, and I want to authenticize, how does that work for example with a bank?Ramesh: So today, if you want to try to log on to the bank you use your user ID and password and that package gets send to the server. And as you are typing and sending you are vulnerable to many different attacks, it could be fishing attack, it could be manageable attacks or it could be dictionary attack or somebody can simply attack servers and get your credentials. In t he new model, if you see Apple’s iPhone, iPhone 5 iPhone 6, Samsung Galaxy X 5 and S6, the  fingerprints facial recognition technologies is highly scaling, it’s becoming mainstream right now. I mean earlier we had cost issues and quality issues. Now  those things are coming together where now fingerprinting, iris technology, and facial technology is mature and it is deployable in mass scale and the cost have also comes down dramatically and thanks to iPhone embracing fingerprinting and that made fingerprinting mainstream technology now.Martin: But does that mean you’re mainly focusing on mobile security or is it also that you’re doing this for desktop?Ramesh: Same infrastructure  can be also be used by both PC, cell phone and tablet. So the way it works, you authenticate yourself to device using your fingerprint and facial recognition technology and something. And then there is a process if you are a user of the bank currently using user ID and password, next time that you have a FIDO enabled  phone or FIDO enabled PC you go log on using your password, servers then can recognize that   you have a FIDO component infrastructure device and then it walks you through a registration process.That registration process is simple: you look into the camera, you speak a phrase, touch the sensor, a single touch, a single phrase, or a single blink; any of these things, just this. You do that, and during that period there will be some typographic exchange that happening between the client and the servers. And the typographic signatures are generated on the client and sent to the server. I don’t want to get into too much detail, but there is a public and private key kind of security infrastructure. The private key is generated on the client and the public key is sent to the servers for that user for that device. From that moment onward, any authentication that happen between the servers and the client is based on that cryptographic signature on a challenge respon se basis. So next time when you want a authentication to be used, a service or a bank you simply go to the bank site and then you touch the finger, look into the camera for that single phase, then the response for the challenge that servers process for the device gets generated and that’s how you get authenticated.Martin: Is there a way to gain this? For example, imagine I would know that this mobile phone is attached to Ramesh, and by the way I would have a photo of Ramesh which I would put in front of the camera. This might be used for the facial recognition, voice, maybe something else.Ramesh: So the security is always an arms race. The current problem and security addressing security problem also depends on what kind of security problem you’re interested. Today, if you see majority of the attacks happening on network  cyber security. In most of them, the hackers don’t have motivation to attack one person. What they want to do is go back to sites like Yahoo, LinkedIn, Gmail . Go to a site where they can get hundred of millions of user accounts eBay attack.Martin: Yeah, right.Ramesh: So when you have user IDs and passwords at that scale, then what they want is much bigger. In FIDO, it has to be targeted attack that hacker really wants to attack. You dont only have to have my picture or my fingerprint but you also have to have steal my device.Martin: I mean I totally understand that it makes it makes the authentication process safer â€" totally understood.Ramesh: Safer, simpler.Martin: Imagine, I want to really hack a company. Maybe then I wouldn’t try to hack via the authentication, but then I would just would like to hack the database, there are the companies that will still have the personally identifiable information.Ramesh: In the current scenario, you’re right, hackers are motivated to hack the server site not the device. When you’re attacking the server site in the older model you get user ID and password. So it’s easy. In the new model, when you attack the server, all you only get is a bunch of public keys. You wont be able to do any thing with that. You got to have private keys.Martin: Oh, good.Ramesh: The private key is stored on the client side. So you are actually turning the authentication process upside down. You’re not providing a single point of attack for somebody in remote places like press releases of the last year, where a single hacker group has 1.2 billion account information from United States and all over the globe. 1.2 billion accounts that’s how they harvest the whole thing. In this model, when they go and try to steal secrets from the server, they are no secrets on the servers anymore. All they have are public keys, you won’t be able too much with public keys.Martin: Ramesh, what are the major customers of Nok Nok Labs.Ramesh: So like I was mentioning earlier, the FIDO protocol has two components. There needs to be a client component, there needs to be a server. So unless there is a client, you dont have a business for the server side. Nok Nok makes money selling servers. Our first deployment was with Paypal. Paypal has used Nok Nok servers and we worked with Samsung where we actually put the FIDO clients on the mobile phones of Galaxies S5 and Galaxies S6. Now the next deployment of FIDO of Nok Nok servers is with be in Alipay in China, where again we provide the same servers to them, as Samsung phones and other phones that they chose to use where they deployed FIDO, they can use it. The latest one that we deployed  is Docomo entity.Martin: Who is that?Ramesh: Docomo in Japan. That is the biggest carrier in Japan. They have close to 65 million subscribers. Docomo has embraced FIDO at one go. The entire Docomo ID infrastructure now does not use password, uses Nok Nok severs; and completely eliminates password. If you are using Docomo services, Docomo phones now they are no password. You simply either look into the camera. They have actually deployed a fingerprint. The y have actually deployed an iris scanning. It works seamlessly. We never had an issue- we deployed it in May. These are the first three major customers we started to work with. As you can see its not normal for a start up company to go after companies like Docomo, Paypal and Alipay as their first customers.Martin:  Definitely.Ramesh: And also deploy at a scale at that we deploy; at very high consumer scale.Martin: And how is the revenue model working?Ramesh: So like I was mentioning earlier. Client is free, we initially with the first version of FIDO we did the clients ourselves, but Microsoft is part of FIDO alliance now and they’ve actually announced recently that Windows 10 will have FIDO infrastructure in them. SnapDragon and Qualcom have announced that they embrace FIDO. Armies buy FIDO. You can go to FIDO Alliance.org and see the members. You can see how many members there are there.Now, Nok Nok has also enabled iPhone 5 and iPhone 6 to use FIDO infrastructure and we have su pport for that. We, basically, as we are going we expect the client side to be embraced by the operating system people, like Microsoft, Google, Apple kind of people. And we basically focus on selling servers. We have a multi-factor authentication server that we sell to the people, we deploy to people. We dont host servers, we sell servers, its an enterprise sale.  And if you’re Docomo, you’re a financial institution if you’re bank of Germany, what you simply do is buy the server from us, use our SDK to deploy to your mobile app, internet browser plugin and you’re ready to go.Martin: Why did you choose the selling mode only and not as SAP for example doing sales and service model?Ramesh: We are actually a product company just like SAP company. The only difference is a difference between conventional ERP companies and us it that ERP is full application, and we are an infrastructure business. We don’t sell application, we sell infrastructure.Our server will have to go and int egrate with some of the existing application like for instance SAP can deploy our server. SAP has various kind of application that they sell like digital workflow, process management,  supply chain. They are various things that they sell. All of them currently use the various user IDs and passwords to get in. SAP can choose to embrace FIDO and then buy a Nok Nok sever. And now all servers can be password free.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM RAMESHMartin: Ramesh, imagine a child comes to you, a younger one like 15, 16 and wants to start a company but doesnt know whether he should do it or what he should care for. What is your advice you would share with him?Ramesh. At anytime any opportunity or any business gets nurtured of pain. If you should able to identify either business pain or human pain and you have a solution for that; theres the starting point. People, don’t go to CVS and Walgreens to buy vitamins, they go to buy painkillers. When there is a pain, people want to address it   immediately. If there is a vitamin  they don’t go there, that’s not priority.So when you want to start a company, first you need to know, you don’t necessarily need to know details, you don’t necessarily need to know how to fix it, but you should be able to know that there is a pain. Coming back to the pain point, it has to be able to fix the human pain or it has to be able to fix the  business pain. If it can fix either one of them like  for instance security. When security was a pain, people recognized it. You have, people seriously talking scamming, online scamming, money and password scamming, smart cards scamming, all kinds of things. That actually complicates the users experience but it solves the business pain.Martin:   and then you have trade off.Ramesh: That’s the trade off. What FIDO does is conventionally. Security means, more security means unusable; unusable in the sense of difficult to use. If you want to make sure that I’m strong, I keep on asking more and more question. What is your dog name in 1972? This is the kind of thing they will ask in a financial institution. They will ask your social security number and they will ask what is your childhood best friend’s name. These are all passwords, you keep up adding the staff.So what it means by that if I really want to assert that’s who you are then I ask more questions, put you through so much pain. What Nok Nok and FIDO do is we provide more security at the same time make it very very usable. For me on an iPhone, typing a password is much more difficult than just doing this and done. So what we do is actually, we increase security and also make it extremely usable that’s why I keep throwing in the word a single touch, or a single phrase or a single blink. We make it stronger, at the same time extremely usable.Martin: What is, what would you say to the young person if he says actually I cannot identify a problem worth solving?Ramesh: Then there is no company to be built. You got to know what you’re solving. If you are trying to do something without solving a problem, then there is no company there. Even if you want to start a nonprofit / charitable organization its still solves some problem which is helping people.Martin: Thank you so much, Ramesh, for your time.Ramesh: Sure, no problem.Martin: And next time when you really want to start a company, don’t just start a company, focus on a problem and really identify that is the big problem that is worth solving  and if you don’t find a problem just dont start a new company, work your way through and maybe over the time you will find a problem that is worth solving.Ramesh: That’s almost how all other things get started. Unless you go through the pain, you won’t know the problem. I would strongly recommend to people to actually work at some places if they don’t have any idea like probably a big company like Dell was started in Utah Austin by Michael  Dell where he saw people needed computer as diffi cult to go out and get them started online. So it doesn’t have to be that you have to work you don’t have to work. You just have to feel the pain. If you see the pain and that pain is not be unique to you, it should be a general pain, and you’re fixing general pain then you have a company to start with.Martin: Great! Thanks you so much and good luck with Nok Nok Labs.Ramesh: No problem. Thank you so much.

Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to a specified reference substance. This ratio is a pure number, containing no units. If the specific gravity ratio for a given substance is less than 1, that means the material will float in the reference substance. When the specific gravity ratio for a given material is greater than 1, that means the material will sink in the reference substance. This is related to the concept of buoyancy. The iceberg floats in the ocean (as in the picture) because its specific gravity in reference to the water is less than 1. This rising vs. sinking phenomenon is the reason that the term specific gravity is applied, although gravity itself plays no significant role in this process. Even in a substantially different gravitational field, the density relationships would be unchanged. For this reason, it would be far better to apply the term relative density between two substances, but for historical reasons, the term specific gravity has stuck around. Specific Gravity for Fluids For fluids, the reference substance is usually the water, with a density of  1.00 x 103 kg/m3  at 4 degrees Celsius (waters densest temperature), used to determine whether or not the fluid will sink or float in water. In homework, this is usually assumed to be the reference substance when working with liquids. Specific Gravity for Gases For gases, the reference substance is usually normal air at room temperature, which has a density of approximately 1.20 kg/m3. In homework, if the reference substance is not specified for a specific gravity problem, it is usually safe to assume that you are using this as your reference substance. Equations for Specific Gravity The specific gravity (SG) is a ratio of the density of the substance of interest (Ï i) to the density of the reference substance (Ï r). (Note: The Greek symbol rho, Ï , is commonly used to represent density.) That can be determined using the following formula: SG Ï i à · Ï r Ï i / Ï r Now, considering that the density is calculated from mass and volume through the equation Ï  m/V, this means that if you took two substances of the same volume, the SG could be rewritten as a ratio of their individual masses: SG Ï i / Ï rSG mi/V / mr/VSG mi / mr And, since the weight W mg, that leads to a formula written as a ratio of weights: SG mi / mrSG mig / mrgSG Wi / Wr It is important to remember that this equation only works with our earlier assumption that the volume of the two substances is equal, so when we talk about the weights of the two substances in this last equation, it is the weight of equal volumes of the two substances. So if we wanted to find out the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and we know the weight of one gallon of water, then we would need to know the weight of one gallon of ethanol to complete the calculation. Or, alternately, if we knew the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and knew the weight of one gallon of water, we could use this last formula to find the weight of one gallon of ethanol. (And, knowing that, we could use it to find the weight of another volume of ethanol by converting. These are the sorts of tricks that you may well find among homework problems that incorporate these concepts.) Applications of Specific Gravity Specific gravity is a concept that shows up in a variety of industrial applications, particularly as it relates to fluid dynamics. For example, if youve ever taken your car in for service and the mechanic showed you how small plastic balls floated in your transmission fluid, youve seen specific gravity in action. Depending on the specific application in question, those industries may use the concept with a different reference substance than water or air. The earlier assumptions applied only to homework. When you are working on a real project, you should know for sure what your specific gravity is in reference to, and shouldnt have to make assumptions about it.

Case Studies - 67624 Words

Case Studies C-1 INTRODUCTION Preparing an effective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beefless Mac: McDonald’s expansion strategies in India: C-120 CASE 9 Nucor Corporation and the US steel industry C-128 CASE 10 Pacific Dunlop: Caught on the half volley C-157 CASE 11 Philip Morris C-173 CASE 12 Pisces Group of Singapore C-188†¦show more content†¦The third section is where we describe briefly what you can expect to occur during in-class case discussions. As this description shows, the relationship and interactions between instructors and active learners/students during case discussions are different than they are during lectures. In the final section, we Introduction Preparing an effective case analysis present a moderately structured framework that we believe can help you to prepare effective oral and written presentations. Written and oral communication skills also are valued highly in many organisational settings; hence, their development today can serve you well in the future. Skills gained through use of the case analysis method The case analysis method is based on a philosophy that combines knowledge acquisition with significant involvement from students as active learners. In the words of Alfred North Whitehead, this philosophy ‘rejects the doctrine that students had first learned passively, and then, having learned should apply knowledge’.3 In contrast to this philosophy, the case analysis method is based on principles that were elaborated upon by John Dewey: Only by wrestling with the conditions of this problem at hand, seeking and finding his own way out, does [the student] think ... If he cannot devise his own solution (not, of course, in isolation, but inShow MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. 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Paper Tigers Free Essays

Paper tigers Bianca 01 All our lives we are told succeed. To do something meaningful with our lives. To be the very best that we can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper Tigers or any similar topic only for you Order Now But how do we achieve this satisfaction of a personal achievement? What are the key factors to help us succeed? And why are some unable to achieve such success. We keep such strong ties within our ego centered networks and this will restrict from developing the social skills we need to break through our own bamboo ceilings. Risks need to be taken, social interaction needs to happen, and you need to be the best of the best. Wesley Yangs writing, â€Å"Paper Tigers†, shows how Asian Americans are unable to achieve this high success that they want to achieve. We can take his advice written for Asian Americans and intertwine it with ideas from Malcom Gladwell and his writing, â€Å"Small Change†, and Rebekah Nathan’s writing â€Å"Community and Diversity’. With insight from all three of these writers, we can achieve that success we all long for. At a young age, we were told to always listen to an authoritative figure. To not speak up and to keep our opinions to ourselves. Wesley Yang makes note of how this affects Asian Americans from advancing in the real world. He writes, â€Å"So let’s say I go to meetings with you and I notice you never say anything. And I ask myself, ‘hmm, I wonder why you’re not saying anything. Maybe it’s because you don’t know what we’re talking about. That would be a good reason for not saying anything. Or maybe it’s because you’re not even interested in the subject matter. Or maybe you think the conversation is beneath you. So here I’m thinking, because you never say anything at meetings that you’re either dumb, you don’t care or you’re arrogant. When maybe it’s because you were taught when you were growing up that when the boss is talking, what are you supposed to be doing? Listening† (541). Being taught to listen, we listen. We do not ask questions that would help lead us on to success. We need to break away from these strong ties that we hold so close to us. They keep us from going the extra mile. Yes, we don’t need to get rid of them completely. Paper Tigers By bduarte1211 How to cite Paper Tigers, Papers Paper Tigers Free Essays

The Importance of the English Language Essay Example

The Importance of the English Language Essay Brazer Bozlak 03113623 2011-07-20 LA 202 – OL8 The importance of the English language The English language is finally accepted as the universal language of the world and stands today as the common means of communication among members of different countries, cultures and communities. Moreover, English is also the international language of diplomacy, business, science, technology, banking, computing, medicines, engineering, tourism etc. It is understood and spoken almost everywhere in the world and it has become the key instrument of globalization. The English language is the common global language and it is very clear in many cultures that English has become more dominant around the world, a dominance that is growing for each passing day. As a result, English is widely taught around the world as a second language today, the amount of native English speakers might not be large when compared to Spanish or Chinese, but it is the common communication language spoken around the world and almost every single university in the world are conducting scientific studies trough English medium. Although, there is a lot of people around the world today that won’t admit how important English for the world I’m one of those many that understands the importance of the English language. Most people in the world agrees with what Alexander v. Sandoval claims in his essay â€Å"The importance of English† on www. eagleforum. com , â€Å"English is becoming the worlds language of the 21st century † he says and gets supported â€Å"Most of the worlds population, about 70% speak English or know him. And more than 80% of all stored information in the world is written in English or translated into it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the English Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the English Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the English Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Foreign language skills, and in particular the English are a good tool in work, school, on vacation, when building a career or promote your own business. The man who speaks fluent in English, will not get lost anywhere in the world where there are people. † (billionmindsfoundation). There are facts about English which would encourage people to learn English, †There are more people in China learning English than speaking it in North America over 200 million. English is the official language of a third of the worlds population and a working language for half the worlds population. Of the worlds four most numerous languages, Chinese, Hindi, Arabic and English, the latter owes its position uniquely to its use as a second language. A part of this pattern is the increasing reach of English in continental Europe where 91% of all secondary schools teach English and 65% of young continental Europeans claim to speak English reasonably well. † (English, The working language of the global village) English used to be a relatively unimportant language around 450 AD, when a set of Germanic tribes (mostly the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) moved from their homelands in what is now northern Germany to what is now England. Old English was widely spoken on the island in the centuries that followed, lost status when the French-speaking Normans conquered England, and slowly regained status in the late Middle English period. At this point, still, English was just one of many languages. It was generally less respected than Latin or french among scientists and theologians, for example. It was not until the period of Early Modern English, a period also known as the Age of Discovery that English really began  to gain status. The new country England began to establish colonies around the world and exported its language and governing systems so that it could import what it wanted, e. g. spices and rare woods and also for a while, slaves. The Early Modern English period witnessed the first time that English was spoken around the world, but still it was not nearly as widely spoken as it is today. Englands and Americas triumph in the World War 2 tok the globalization of English one step further and the languages importance for the world has grown for each passing day since then. Being the second language choice for non English speaking people today all around the world is a evidence of how important it is for people to learn English. It is the language people speaks when they don’t know the language of the country they are in and even countries such Frenca and Germany have given up. Alexander v. Sandoval says in his essay â€Å"The importance of English† published on Eagleforum. com â€Å"In multilingual continental Europe, a fierce battle over language popularity appers to be ending with English as the standard for the 21st century. and â€Å"The Germans have given up trying to persuade more Brits to learn their language and, instead, are now promoting English as the language of the 21st century, with lessons for children as young as six. Germanys leading newspaper produces an eight-page English edition and declares that English is going to be the lingua franca of the next century. †. Even though it does not and will probably never hav e an official status, English is the accepted universal language on the Internet. English is typically the language of the latest-version applications and programs. Even though progresses has been made in language translation online it is very difficult if not almost impossible to properly translate each and every webpage or program into a specific language. Even manuals, installation guides and products sheets of electronic and entertainment devices are usually first available in English. With this information in mind along with that Internet is becoming very important in our daily life’s, in commerce and also in education makes the English language bounded to grow. Thus the importance of the English language is underlined. English is today the standard language for businesses and industry, knowing English can be the key that unlocks enormous amounts of job opportunities. Many companies aim to become as successful as possible in their industry, which leads them to start working internationally and this makes the employers require superb English communication skills of the employees in order to deal with suppliers or contacts all across the world. Knowing English is not a guarantee to have a well paying position in the future but it is definitely a really good help on the way. The growth of English has been huge since the World War 2 and it might not take long time before English will be a single language of the world like the single currency and the union of various nations. It is, after all, spoken by more than 300 million natives speakers, between 600 and 800 million foreign speakers. It is the common language of air transportation and shipping, science, technology, computers, and commerce, and a major language in education and publishing. For these reasons, good English communication skills is important in order get on board on the 21st centuries train. Works Cited: v. Sandoval, Alexander. The importance of our English Language Eagleforum. 1 May 2001. Web 20 July 2011. (http://www. eagleforum. org/psr/2001/may01/psrmay01. shtml) General. English: Universal Language Billion Minds Foundation. 12 July 2001. Web 20 July 2011. (http://www. billionmindsfoundation. org/english-universal-language/) Watson, Alan. English: The working language of the global village? Lord Alan Watson. 2010. Web 20 July 2011. (http://www. lordalanwatson. com/english2. htm)