Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to a specified reference substance. This ratio is a pure number, containing no units. If the specific gravity ratio for a given substance is less than 1, that means the material will float in the reference substance. When the specific gravity ratio for a given material is greater than 1, that means the material will sink in the reference substance. This is related to the concept of buoyancy. The iceberg floats in the ocean (as in the picture) because its specific gravity in reference to the water is less than 1. This rising vs. sinking phenomenon is the reason that the term specific gravity is applied, although gravity itself plays no significant role in this process. Even in a substantially different gravitational field, the density relationships would be unchanged. For this reason, it would be far better to apply the term relative density between two substances, but for historical reasons, the term specific gravity has stuck around. Specific Gravity for Fluids For fluids, the reference substance is usually the water, with a density of  1.00 x 103 kg/m3  at 4 degrees Celsius (waters densest temperature), used to determine whether or not the fluid will sink or float in water. In homework, this is usually assumed to be the reference substance when working with liquids. Specific Gravity for Gases For gases, the reference substance is usually normal air at room temperature, which has a density of approximately 1.20 kg/m3. In homework, if the reference substance is not specified for a specific gravity problem, it is usually safe to assume that you are using this as your reference substance. Equations for Specific Gravity The specific gravity (SG) is a ratio of the density of the substance of interest (Ï i) to the density of the reference substance (Ï r). (Note: The Greek symbol rho, Ï , is commonly used to represent density.) That can be determined using the following formula: SG Ï i à · Ï r Ï i / Ï r Now, considering that the density is calculated from mass and volume through the equation Ï  m/V, this means that if you took two substances of the same volume, the SG could be rewritten as a ratio of their individual masses: SG Ï i / Ï rSG mi/V / mr/VSG mi / mr And, since the weight W mg, that leads to a formula written as a ratio of weights: SG mi / mrSG mig / mrgSG Wi / Wr It is important to remember that this equation only works with our earlier assumption that the volume of the two substances is equal, so when we talk about the weights of the two substances in this last equation, it is the weight of equal volumes of the two substances. So if we wanted to find out the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and we know the weight of one gallon of water, then we would need to know the weight of one gallon of ethanol to complete the calculation. Or, alternately, if we knew the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and knew the weight of one gallon of water, we could use this last formula to find the weight of one gallon of ethanol. (And, knowing that, we could use it to find the weight of another volume of ethanol by converting. These are the sorts of tricks that you may well find among homework problems that incorporate these concepts.) Applications of Specific Gravity Specific gravity is a concept that shows up in a variety of industrial applications, particularly as it relates to fluid dynamics. For example, if youve ever taken your car in for service and the mechanic showed you how small plastic balls floated in your transmission fluid, youve seen specific gravity in action. Depending on the specific application in question, those industries may use the concept with a different reference substance than water or air. The earlier assumptions applied only to homework. When you are working on a real project, you should know for sure what your specific gravity is in reference to, and shouldnt have to make assumptions about it.

Case Studies - 67624 Words

Case Studies C-1 INTRODUCTION Preparing an effective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beefless Mac: McDonald’s expansion strategies in India: C-120 CASE 9 Nucor Corporation and the US steel industry C-128 CASE 10 Pacific Dunlop: Caught on the half volley C-157 CASE 11 Philip Morris C-173 CASE 12 Pisces Group of Singapore C-188†¦show more content†¦The third section is where we describe briefly what you can expect to occur during in-class case discussions. As this description shows, the relationship and interactions between instructors and active learners/students during case discussions are different than they are during lectures. In the final section, we Introduction Preparing an effective case analysis present a moderately structured framework that we believe can help you to prepare effective oral and written presentations. Written and oral communication skills also are valued highly in many organisational settings; hence, their development today can serve you well in the future. Skills gained through use of the case analysis method The case analysis method is based on a philosophy that combines knowledge acquisition with significant involvement from students as active learners. In the words of Alfred North Whitehead, this philosophy ‘rejects the doctrine that students had first learned passively, and then, having learned should apply knowledge’.3 In contrast to this philosophy, the case analysis method is based on principles that were elaborated upon by John Dewey: Only by wrestling with the conditions of this problem at hand, seeking and finding his own way out, does [the student] think ... If he cannot devise his own solution (not, of course, in isolation, but inShow MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. 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Paper Tigers Free Essays

Paper tigers Bianca 01 All our lives we are told succeed. To do something meaningful with our lives. To be the very best that we can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper Tigers or any similar topic only for you Order Now But how do we achieve this satisfaction of a personal achievement? What are the key factors to help us succeed? And why are some unable to achieve such success. We keep such strong ties within our ego centered networks and this will restrict from developing the social skills we need to break through our own bamboo ceilings. Risks need to be taken, social interaction needs to happen, and you need to be the best of the best. Wesley Yangs writing, â€Å"Paper Tigers†, shows how Asian Americans are unable to achieve this high success that they want to achieve. We can take his advice written for Asian Americans and intertwine it with ideas from Malcom Gladwell and his writing, â€Å"Small Change†, and Rebekah Nathan’s writing â€Å"Community and Diversity’. With insight from all three of these writers, we can achieve that success we all long for. At a young age, we were told to always listen to an authoritative figure. To not speak up and to keep our opinions to ourselves. Wesley Yang makes note of how this affects Asian Americans from advancing in the real world. He writes, â€Å"So let’s say I go to meetings with you and I notice you never say anything. And I ask myself, ‘hmm, I wonder why you’re not saying anything. Maybe it’s because you don’t know what we’re talking about. That would be a good reason for not saying anything. Or maybe it’s because you’re not even interested in the subject matter. Or maybe you think the conversation is beneath you. So here I’m thinking, because you never say anything at meetings that you’re either dumb, you don’t care or you’re arrogant. When maybe it’s because you were taught when you were growing up that when the boss is talking, what are you supposed to be doing? Listening† (541). Being taught to listen, we listen. We do not ask questions that would help lead us on to success. We need to break away from these strong ties that we hold so close to us. They keep us from going the extra mile. Yes, we don’t need to get rid of them completely. Paper Tigers By bduarte1211 How to cite Paper Tigers, Papers Paper Tigers Free Essays